加拿大介绍
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The National Anthem of Canada 加拿大国歌( "O Canada"曲谱 )

国歌歌词O Canada!
Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.

With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!

From far and wide,
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. Up



 Music Sheet

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加拿大The Status of Canada 有关加拿大

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领土面积Land Mass

At 9, 970, 610 km², Canada is the world's second-largest country, surpassed only by the Russian Federation. Canada comprises 7% of the world's land mass, and 9% of its fresh water supply. Of a total of over ten million square kilometres, over nine million are land and 755 000 fresh water.
加拿大以她的领土面积共九百九十七万零六百一十平方公里,为仅次於苏联的世界第二大国家。她占全世界所有领土的百分之七,以及百分之九的淡水供应。

Map of Canada

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首都Capital

Ottawa, in the province of Ontario. 渥太华,位於安大略省

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省与领地Provinces and Territories

Canada has 10 provinces and 2 territories, each with its own capital city (in brackets): Alberta (Edmonton); British Columbia (Victoria); Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown); Manitoba (Winnipeg); New Brunswick (Fredericton); Nova Scotia (Halifax); Ontario (Toronto); Quebec (Quebec City); Saskatchewan (Regina); Newfoundland (St. John's); Northwest Territories (Yellowknife) and Yukon Territory (Whitehorse).

Canada will have a new Northern territory in 1999, when the present Northwest Territories will be divided in two. The eastern two-thirds of the existing Northwest Territories will be known as Nunavut. In the Inuit language of Inukkiut, Nunavut means "Our Land." The creation of this new territory is the result of an agreement made between the Inuit and the Canadian Government regarding land settlement and Aboriginal rights. Nunavut will encompass almost one quarter of Canada's land mass, (2 242 000 square kilometres). Statistics Canada estimates that 24 900 people lived in the proposed Nunavut territory in 1995. The largest centres are the town of Iqaluit (population 4 300 in 1995) and the hamlet of Rankin Inlet (population 2 100). In December of 1995, Nunavut residents chose Iqaluit to be their capital.

加拿大的首都位於渥太华,分为十个省及两个领地,他们的首府分别为亚柏达省 Alberta (爱民顿Edmonton); 卑斯省British Columbia (维多利亚Victoria); 爱德华王子岛省Prince Edward Island (查洛特镇Charlottetown); 曼尼托巴省Manitoba (温尼佩格Winnipeg); New Brunswick新布朗斯维克 (Fredericton福瑞德利克顿); Nova Scotia诺瓦史克夏省 (Halifax哈里菲克斯); Ontario安大略省 (Toronto多伦多); Québec魁北克省 (Québec City魁北克市); Saskatchewan沙斯克奇万省 (Regina里介那市); Newfoundland and Labrador钮芬兰省 (St. John's圣琼斯市); Northwest Territories西北领地 (Yellowknife黄刀) and Yukon Territory育空领地 (Whitehorse白马);1999年起现有的西北领地将会分成两部分,另外成立一新的领地政府 The Nunavut government,居民约为 24 900人,面积为2 242 000平方公里(约占全国面积的四分之一),首府将设在f Iqaluit (人口 在1995年的时候为4 300人)。

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地理Geography

Diversity is the keynote of Canada's geography, which includes fertile plains suitable for agriculture, vast mountain ranges, lakes and rivers. Wilderness forests give way to arctic tundra in the Far North.
加拿大地理特色是多样化,包括:适合农耕的肥沃平原,广大的山区,湖泊与河川。原生森林一直延伸到极远的北方始由极地草原取代。

Canada's 37 national parks are spread throughout the country. Banff, located on the eastern slopes of Alberta's Rocky Mountains, is the oldest, having opened in 1885, while Vuntut in the northern Yukon was established as recently as 1993.
加拿大的叁十七个国家公园分布於整个国家。班芙国家公园位於亚伯达省落矶山脉的东面坡,是最早开发的(1885年),最近开发的是位於育空北部的Vuntut国家公园(1993年)。

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河川Rivers

The St. Lawrence River, which is 3058 km long, provides a seaway for ships from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mackenzie is the longest river, flowing 4241 km through the Northwest Territories. The Yukon and the Columbia, parts of which flow through U.S. territory, the Nelson, the Saskatchewan, the Peace and the Churchill are also major watercourses.
St. Lawrence河(3058公里长)提供了连通大湖区与大西洋的航道。最长的Mackenzie河绵延4241公里横亘西北领地。 Up


国家象徵National Emblem

The maple leaf has been associated with Canada since the 1700s. It has become the country's most important symbol since the national flag was introduced in 1965.
自十八世纪起,枫叶就已经与加拿大联想在一起,1956年後,它更因加拿大国旗之订定而成为加拿大最重要的象徵。
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国歌历史National Anthem

O Canada was proclaimed the national anthem on July 1, 1980, a century after being sung for the first time.
O Canada在1980年七月一日成为加拿大的国歌。

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人口Population

At the time of the June 1996 census, Canada's population was 28.8 million. This represents an increase of 1.5 million, or 5.7% since the June 1991 census. This growth in population has been attributed, in equal degree, to both immigration and natural increase (births minus deaths). Between 1991 and 1996, the population of Canada grew at an average annual rate of 1.1%, this being the highest annual average growth rate of all G-7 industrialized nations. Canada represents approximately 0.5% of the global population.
根据1996年六月的统计,加拿大共有二千八百八十万人口。比1991年的统计增加了一百五十万人(5.7%),这包括了移民及人口自然成长,1991年~1996年间平均增加率为1.5%,是七大工业国家中最高的成长率,约占全球人口的0.5%。 Up


主要都市Main Cities

According to the 1996 census, the leading Canadian cities are Toronto (4.26 million), Montreal (3.33 million), Vancouver (1.83 million), Ottawa-Hull, the National Capital Region (1.01million) and Edmonton (0.86 million).
根据1996年的统计,领先加拿大的城市是多伦多(四百二十六万人),蒙特娄(叁百叁十叁万人),温哥华(一百八十叁万),渥太华(一百零一万人)以及爱民顿(八十六万人)。

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城乡人口Urban and Rural Population

The majority of Canadians, 76.6 percent, live in cities and towns, while 23.4 percent live in rural areas. According to the 1991 census, 31 percent of the population (8.61 million people) live in the three largest cities of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
大多数(76.6%)加拿大人住在城镇地区,另外23.4%则住在郊区。根据1991年的统计,31%的人口(八百六十一万人)住在上述叁个最大的城市里。 Up


平均寿命Life Expectancy

Canadians' life expectancy at birth is 74.9 years for males and 81.2 years for females. This ranks among the world's longest.
加拿大人的平均寿命是全世界最高的,男性为74.9岁,女性为81.2岁 。

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生活标准Living Standard

Only five countries have a higher standard of living than does Canada. These are the United States, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany and Japan. Canada ranks higher than the United States in terms of life expectancy, and higher than Japan in terms of education. Consequently, the United Nationscleo ranked Canada as the highest on its "Human Development Index." More than 65% of Canadians own their own homes. An even higher percentage of Canadians own durable goods such as automobiles, refigerators, washing machines, televisions, telephones and radios. Telephone service is virtually universal in Canada. Sixteen million access lines bring service to 99 percent of Canadian homes. With one of the best telecommunications systems in the world, Canadians are increasingly hooking into the information highway. In 1995, close to 30 percent of households had home computers, and over 40 percent of those computers were equipped with modems for accessing the internet.
加拿大的生活标准仅次於美国,瑞士,卢森堡,德国和日本,加拿大在平均寿命上高於美国,在教育上高於日本,联合国更时常给予加拿大在"Human Development Index."最高评价,超过65%的人拥有房屋,更高比例的人拥有耐久财9(汽车,电冰箱,电视,收音机,电话),加拿大有世界最好的电话系统之一,经由一百六十万条线路连通百分之九十九的家庭,1995年时,有百分之四十的家庭拥有电脑,其中百分之叁十有数据机连通网际网路。

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健保与社会安全Health Care and Social Security

All Canadians have free access to health care, with the exception of dental services. Most people over 65 and social aid recipients receive the majority of their prescription drugs free of charge. According to the 1994 National Population Health Survey, 62% of the adult Canadian population rated their health as excellent or very good. Also in 1994, 77% of Canadian adults reported that they had consulted a physician at least once in the previous year. Fifty-five percent reported having visited a dentist, 35% an eye specialist, and 27% had seen other types of health specialists.
所有加拿大人都可自由加入医牙以外的健康保险,超过65岁和接受社会援助的人可享有免费的处方药物。根据1994年的国际人口健康调查,62%的加拿大成人的健康情形被评为非常好或很好。

Canadian governments spent an estimated $48 billion on health care in 1993-94. This means a total of almost $1,700 was spent on health services for each Canadian. This placed Canada as second in the world to the United States in terms of health care expenditures. Canada also has an extensive social security network including old age pension, family allowance, unemployment insurance and welfare.
在1993~1994年间,加拿大政府估计花费了四百八十亿在医疗照顾上,这表示花费在每一个加拿大人身上约为一千七百元,这是仅次於美国的支出。加拿大也有广泛的社会安全网路,包括:老年津贴,家庭补助,失业救济金,社会保险和福利。

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原住民First Nations

In 1991, 533 000 Canadians were either status or non-status Indians. Four percent of Canadians (over one million Canadians) report Aboriginal ancestry. However, only 626,000 individuals identify themselves exclusively as members of the three Aboriginal groups recognized by the Constitution Act, 1982: North American Indian (460 680), Inuit (36 215) or Métis (135 265). Among these groups, 171,000 people still speak one of the more than 50 remaining Aboriginal languages.

Ontario had the highest concentration of Aboriginal peoples -- 243 550 -- but the Northwest Territories had the highest proportion: more than 60 percent of its population is of Aboriginal descent.

Only 295 032 Canadian Aboriginals live on reserves or in settlements. Up


人种之由来Ethnic Origin

Canadians, including Aboriginals, who claim something other than British or French as their origin represent 42 percent of the population, or 11 million people. Among the largest ethnic groups are the German, Italian, Ukrainian, Dutch, Polish, Chinese, South Asian, Jewish, West Indian, Portuguese and Scandinavian. Up


文化Culture

The Aboriginal cultures are the only truly indigenous cultures of Canada, since all other Canadians were originally immigrants. They began moving to Canada in the 17th century, bringing with them their manner of dress, food preferences and customs. Canada opened its doors to immigration from all over the world in the early 20th century; in 1988, the multicultural character of the country was officially recognized when the Government passed the Multiculturalism Act. Up


教育Education

The educational system varies from province to province and includes six to eight years of elementary school, four or five years of secondary school and three or four years at the university undergraduate level. The 1991 census revealed that among Canadians aged 15 and over, 56.9 percent had attended secondary school, 31.7 percent had gone to a trade school or other type of post-secondary institution, and 1.9 million -- 11.4 percent of the population -- had a university degree. Up


文盲Adult Literacy,

According to 1994 data, literacy is strongly related to formal education in Canada. As we move into the information age, literacy becomes increasingly important. Literacy rates in Canada compare favourably to those in other industrialized nations. In fact, the United Nations estimates that out of one hundred Canadian adults, all but one are able to read, write and understand a simple sentence. This represents as high a rate of adult literacy as anywhere in the world. Up


运动Sports

The most popular sports in Canada include swimming, ice hockey, cross-country and alpine skiing, baseball, tennis, basketball and golf. Ice hockey, Canadian football and baseball are the favourite spectator sports. Up


自然资源Main Natural Resources

The principal natural resources are natural gas, oil, gold, coal, copper, iron ore, nickel, potash, uranium and zinc, along with wood and water. Up


生产毛额Gross Domestic Product

The GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced by a country during a year. Canada's GDP was $577.8 billion US dollars in 1996. Up


领先的工业Leading Industries

These include automobile manufacturing, pulp and paper, iron and steel work, machinery and equipment manufacturing, mining, extraction of fossil fuels, forestry and agriculture. Up


出口Exports

Canadian exports valued $274.88 billion Canadian in 1996. These included transportation equipment, capital equipment, pulp and paper, fuels, wood, minerals and aluminum. Up


进口Imports

Canada's imports totalled $232.94 billion Canadian in 1996. This includes transportation equipment, capital equipment, electronics and plastics. Up


货币Currency

The Canadian dollar is divided into 100 cents.

一加元等於一百加分,共分为一分(peny),五分(nickle),十分(dime),25分(quarter),一元(loonie),二元(twonie),一般流通的纸币面额为五元,十元,二十元,五十元,一百元,其他面额较少使用。 Up


家庭规模Family Size

At the time of the 1996 national census, the average family size was 3.1 persons, including 1.3 children. Family size has remained unchanged since the 1991 census. Up


气候Climate

There are of course many climatic variations in this huge country, ranging from the permanently frozen icecaps north of the 70th parallel to the luxuriant vegetation of British Columbia's west coast. On the whole, though, Canada has four very distinct seasons, especially in the regions lying along the U.S. border.

Daytime summer temperatures can rise to 35 °C and higher, while lows of -25 are not uncommon in winter. More moderate temperatures are the norm in spring and fall. Up


国家公园和古迹National Parks and Historic Sites

The Canadian government has set aside more than 100 national parks and historic sites in honour of the people, places and events that have marked the country's history. Similarly, the provincial governments may form provincial parks.

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山脉Mountain Ranges

As one might expect, Canada's terrain incorporates a number of mountain ranges: the Torngats, Appalachians and Laurentians in the east; the Rocky, Coastal and Mackenzie ranges in the west; and Mount St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains in the north. At 6050 m, Mount Logan in the Yukon is Canada's tallest peak.

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湖泊Lakes

The main lakes, in order of the surface area located in Canada, (many large lakes are traversed by the Canada-U.S. border), are Huron, Great Bear, Superior, Great Slave, Winnipeg, Erie and Ontario. Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories is the largest lake situated entirely in Canada; its area is 31 326 km².

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时区Time Zones

Canada has six time zones. The easternmost, in Newfoundland, is three hours and 30 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The other time zones are the Atlantic, the Eastern, the Central, the Rocky Mountain and, farthest west, the Pacific, which is eight hours behind GMT.

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政治系统Political System

Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic parliament. The Parliament of Canada, in Ottawa, consists of the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the Senate, whose members are appointed. On average, members of Parliament are elected every four years.

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语言Languages

Census data from 1991 indicates English as the mother tongue of 16.1 million Canadians, and French, the language of 6.5 million. These are Canada's two official languages. However, many Canadians have a mother tongue other than English or French, including Italian, Chinese, German, Portuguese, Polish, Ukrainian, Dutch, Greek or other languages. In 1991, Aboriginal languages were reported as mother tongue by 193 000 Canadians. English-French bilingualism increased dramatically within Canada from 1951 to 1991. The number of bilingual Canadians more than doubled during this period, rising from 1.7 million to 4.4 million, while the proportion rose from 12% to 16%.

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信仰Religion

The majority of Canadians are Christian. According to the 1991 census, 12.3 million Canadians identified themselves as Catholics and 9.8 million as Protestants. Other religions include Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism. About 12% of Canadians (3.3 million) stated that they had no religious affiliation whatsoever. This represents a 90% increase since 1981.

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